Maithili language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Maithili मैथिली maithilī |
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| Spoken in: | India, Nepal | |||
| Region: | Bihar in India, Terai Region in Nepal | |||
| Total speakers: | 45 million | |||
| Ranking: | 40 | |||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Group Bihari Maithili |
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| Writing system: | Devanagari, Kaithi, Mithilakshar | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in: | Bihar state in India | |||
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | bh (Bihari) | |||
| ISO 639-2: | mai | |||
| ISO 639-3: | mai | |||
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Maithili (मैथिली Maithilī) is a language spoken in the eastern part of India, mainly in the Indian state of Bihar and in the eastern Terai region of Nepal. It is an offshoot of the Indo-Aryan languages which are part of the Indo-Iranian, a branch of the Indo-European languages. Linguists consider Maithili to be an Eastern Indic language, and thus a different language from Hindi, which is Central Indic in origin. As per the 2001 census in India alone 12,179,122 people speak in maithili language. While the official data, as per the 2001 census, put it at 12 million only, various organizations have strongly argued that the actual number of Maithili speakers is much more than the official data. In times, Maithili has been considered a "dialect" of both Hindi and Bengali but in 2003 it got the status of an independent language. An active movement was carried out to give the language an official status through its inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, so that it may be used in education, government, and other official contexts. In 2004, Maithili was given an official status.
Maithili was traditionally written in the Maithili script (also known by the names Tirhuta and Mithilakshar) and Kaithi script. However, in the modern time Devanagari script is most commonly used. An effort is underway to preserve the Maithili script and to develop it for use in digital media by encoding the script in the Unicode standard, for which a proposal, has been submitted recently.
The term Maithili comes from Mithila, which was an independent state in ancient times. Maithili is a separate language, having a large Maithili-speaking community (4.5 crore, or 45 million, people) with a rich literature. The most famous literary figure in Maithili is the poet Vidyapati. He is credited for raising the importance of 'people's language', i.e. Maithili, in the official work of the state by influencing the Maharaja of Darbhanga with the quality of his poetry. The state's official language used to be Sanskrit, which distanced common people from the state and its functions. The name Maithili is also one of the names of Sita, the consort of Rama.
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[edit] History
It is a fact that scholars in Mithila used Sanskrit for their literary work and Maithili was the language of the common folk (Abahatta). The earliest work in Maithili appears to be Varn Ratnakar by Jyotirishwar Thakur dated about 1224 AD.
The name Maithili is derived from the word Mithila, an ancient kingdom of which King Janaka was the ruler (See Ramayana). Maithili is also one of the names of Sita, the wife of King Rama and daughter of King Janaka.
The Medieval age of Maithili appears to be during Karnat Dynasty when the names of the following scholars got prominence: Gangesh, Padmanabh, Chandeshwar, Vireshwar, Vidyapati, Vachaspati, Pakshadhar, Ayachi, Udayan, Shankar etc.
Vidyapati is said to have lived in the period 1350 to 1450. Vidyapati, though a Sanskrit scholar, wrote innumerable poems(songs) relating to Bhakti and Shringar in Maithili. Though equally accepted in Bengal and Mithila, his songs are the soul of Mithila and no celebration is complete without his songs. It will not be an exaggeration to say that his songs have survived in the throats of Maithil women folk. Verses of Vidhyapati are given religious importance in the culture of Mithila.
[edit] Literature
Some of the theatrical writings of the medieval age are - Umapati (Parijat Haran), Jyotireeshwar (Dhurt Samagam), Vidyapati (Goraksha Vijay, Mani Manjari), Ramapati (Rukmini Haran), Lal (Gauri Swayambar), Manbodh (Krishna Janma).
Maithili has been preferred by many authors to write humour and satire. Writers like Dr. Hari Mohan Jha took steps to bring about fundamental changes in the centuries old Mithila Culture. His work like Khatar Kaka Ke Tarang decorated mordern maithili Literature.
Maithili has now been listed in VIIIth schedule of the Indian Constitution and thus now it is one of the 22 National Languages of India. Maithali was accepted by Sahitya Academy and since its inclusion has won awards almost every year. A number of academy awards have been won for translation from other languages.
Modern Maithili came into its own after Sir George Abraham Grierson, Irish linguist and civil servant, tirelessly researched Maithili folklore and wrote its grammar.
The type of Maithili spoken depends largely on which part of the state you belong to and in general has 2 broad variants ,one spoken in the north usually referred to as Maithili and the other spoken in eastern part of Bihar and Jharkhand known as Angika from the former state of Angesh, the modern day district of Bhagalpur and adjoining areas.
[edit] Blogs
Today a number of maithili language blogs can be found on the internet. These maithili blogs deal with particular field and are quite informative. Within a very small period of time they have become quite popular amongst the maithili speaking people or maithil as they are known. However majority of these blogs are in Devnagri script and not in the original maithili script, Tirhutakshar or Mithilakshar. Links to some of the popular maithil blogs are
[edit] e-Paper
Though with a very rich cultural, traditional and intellectual heritage in terms of literature and other things as well, a daily newspaper in Maithili language is yet to be published. This is something very disappointing and unfortunate particularly in light of the fact that Maithili language has a very good population base with more than 12 million speakers in India alone(as per the Govt. of India data) and quite a significant and impressive population base in the adjoining terrai region of neighboring country Nepal. In other words despite having all the necessary factors which would induce the publication of a daily newspaper such a remarkable thing is yet to be done. A daily newspaper in Maithili language will not only play a significant role in educating and informing the maithili speaking mass in its own language but also help in the development of the language also. Weekly and monthly newspaper are reportedly being published from different cities. However making a true and meaningful utilization of the information technology revolution, some attempts have been made to publish e-papers in Maithili language. Samad is one such Maithili e-paper which claims to be the first e-paper in Maithili. Another one is Videha. These e-paper are in Devnagri script and not in the native Tirhutakshar( also called Mithilakshar) script. The websites of these e-papers are given below. The previous editions can also be accessed from the homepage of the e-paper.
[edit] See also
- Mithilakshar
- Languages of India
- List of national languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
[edit] References
- This language's entry in the Ethnologue.
- Download Maithili Word Processor: Madhyam developed by Balendu Sharma Dadhich
[edit] External links
- List of Sahitya Akademi Award Winners in Maithili
- Know Details About Maithili Language
- History of Maithili Language
- Indian Poets Writing In Maithili
- Maithili at the Rosetta Project
- Maithili at Ethnologue
- Maithili at the Linguist
- Request to Allocate the Maithili Script in the Unicode Roadmap
- Samad e-paper in Maithili language
- videha e-paper in Maithili language
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